When Is The Beginning Of Personhood Essay Example For Students

When Is The Beginning Of Personhood? Essay Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in,or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occurnaturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because themother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying thepregnancy to a full term. This type of abortion is commonly known as amiscarriage. Other abortions are induced. Induced abortions areintentionally brought on, either because a pregnancy is unwanted orpresents a risk to a womans health. Induced abortion has become one ofthe most ethical and philosophical issues of the late 20th century. Modern medical techniques have made induced abortions simpler andless dangerous. But in the United States, the debate over abortion has ledto legal battles in the courts, in the Congress of the United States, andstate legislatures. It has proven to be spilled over into confrontations,which are sometimes violent, at clinics where abortions are performed. There are many different methods in ha ving an abortion. Inducedabortions are performed using one of several methods. The safest andmost useful and appropriate method is determined by the age of thefetus, or the length of pregnancy, which is calculated from the beginningof the pregnant womans last menstrual period. Most pregnancies last anaverage of 39 to 40 weeks, about 9 months. This period of time is brokenup into three parts known as trimesters. The first trimester is the first 13weeks, the second trimester is from the 14 to 24 week and the thirdtrimester lasts from the 25th week to birth. Abortions in the firsttrimester of pregnancy are easier and safer to perform, that is because thefetus is smaller. Abortions in the second and third trimesters are morecomplicated procedures, which present greater risks to a womans health. In the United States, a pregnant womans risk of death from afirst-term abortion is less than 1 in 100,000. The risk increases by about30 percent with each week of pregnancy after 12 weeks. Althou gh it is sodangerous many women continue to have abortions. There are evensome drug medications used to terminate a womans pregnancy. In amethod commonly referred to as the morning-after pill, a woman is givenlarge doses of estrogen which is a female hormone within 72 hours ofunprotected sexual intercourse and again 12 hours later. This high dosestops the fetus from any further development at the earliest stages afterconception. Or the point when a mans sperm fertilizes a womans egg. Typical side effects of the morning-after pill may include nausea,headache, dizziness, breast tenderness, and sometimes fluid retention. We will write a custom essay on When Is The Beginning Of Personhood? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During the first seven weeks of pregnancy a combination of twodrugs can be given in pill form to make a fetus. A pregnant woman firsttakes a drug which blocks progesterone, which is a hormone needed tomaintain pregnancy. About 48 hours later she takes another drug whichis a hormone like chemical produced by the body that causescontractions of the uterus, the organ in which the fetus develops. Thesecontractions expel the fetus. Misoprostol, which is another kind of drugcan also induce abortion when it is mixed with a different drug thatinterferes with cell division. A doctor first injects a pregnant womanwith one kind of drug and about a week later the woman takes anotherdrug to induce contractions and to expel to fetus. When you combinethese two kinds of drugs it usually ends pregnancy effectively accordingto the 95 percent of the woman who have taken them. Although, somewoman experience cramps, bleeding and nausea. Some of the cases aremore serious, such as pneumonia, edema, arrhyth mia and they effect theheart and lungs which may cause death. After the first 16 weeks of pregnancy , abortion becomes moredifficult. One method that can be used during this period is calleddilation and evacuation. Which requires greater dilation of the cervixthan other methods. It also requires the use of suction of a large curetteand a grasping tool called a forceps to remove the fetus. Dilation andevacuation are complicated procedures because of the size of the fetusand the thinner wall, which usually stretch to accommodate a growingfetus. Bleeding in the uterus often occurs. Dilation and evacuation mustbe performed under general anesthesia in a clinic or hospital. It istypically used in the first weeks of the second trimester but can beperformed up to the 24th week of pregnancy. Intact dilation andextraction, also referred to as a partial birth abortion, consists of partiallyremoving the fetus from the uterus through the vaginal canal, feet first,and using suction to remove the brain and spinal fluid from the skull. The skull is then collap sed to allow complete removal of the fetus fromthe uterus. Abortion has become one of the most widely debated ethicalissues. On one side there are individuals who are for womansreproductive rights, including the right to chose to have an abortion. Onthe other side there are the pro- life advocates, who oppose abortionexcept in extreme cases, as when the mothers life would be threatenedby carrying a pregnancy to term. At one end of this ethical spectrum arepro- choice defenders who believe the fetus is only a potential humanbeing until it is viable. Until this time the fetus has no legal rights. Therights belong to the woman carrying the fetus, who can decide whetheror not to bring the pregnancy to a full term. At the other end of thespectrum are pro-life supporters who believe the fetus is a human beingfrom the time of conception. The fetus has the legal right to life from themoment the egg and sperm unite. Between these positions lies acontinuum of ethical and political positions. .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 , .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .postImageUrl , .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 , .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714:hover , .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714:visited , .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714:active { border:0!important; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714:active , .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714 .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u968472266d3424458d7084e22a88b714:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Hound of the Baskervilles Argumentative EssayA variety of ethical arguments have been made on both sides ofthe abortion issue, but no consensus or compromise has ever beenreached because, in the public policy debate, the most vocal pro-choiceand pro-life champions have radically different views about the status ofa fetus. Embryology, which is the study of fetal development, offers littleinsight about the fetuss status at the moment of conception, furtherconfounding the issue for both sides. In addition, the point when a fetusbecomes viable is constantly changing with every passing year medicaladvances make it possible to keep a premature baby alive at an earlierstage. The current definition of viability is generally accepted at about 24weeks gestation; a small percentage of babies born at about 22 weeksgestation have been kept alive with intensive medical care. In the abortion debate, the combination of medical uncertaintiesand emotional political confrontations has led to considerable hostility . However, for many people, the lines between pro-choice and pro-life areblurred. The issue is also far less polarized. Many women, who considerthemselves pro-life supporters, are concerned about the danger ofallowing the government to decide what medical options are available tothem and the possible threats to reproductive rights. Similarly, manywomen, who contemplate their view as the pro-choice view, are deeplysaddened by the act of abortion and seek to minimize its use throughmore education about abortions, preventions of pregnancy and the useof birth control. Many people on all sides of the controversy feel thepolitical debate has led to a stalemate because it ignores the nuances ofthe issue. In response, participants in the abortion debate find commonground in the admission that the issue is surrounded by complicated,difficult questions that r equire more than simplified pro-life orpro-choice supporters. Abortion has been practiced around the world since ancient timesas a crude method of birth control. Although many religions forbade orrestricted the practice, abortion was not considered illegal in mostcountries until the 19th century. There were laws during this time,however, that banned abortion after quickening which is the time thatfetal movement can first be felt. In 1803 England banned all abortions,and this policy soon spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Throughout the middle and late 1800s, many states in the United Statesenacted similar laws banning abortion. In the 20th century, however,many nations began to be lenient about their laws against abortion. Theformer Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) legalized abortion in1920, followed by Japan in 1948, and several Eastern European countriesin the 1950s. In the 1960s and 1970s, much of Europe and Asia, alongwith Canada and the United States, legalized abortion. An estimate of about 50 million people have abortio ns a year. Ofthis number a lot of the abortions that are performed are done illegallywhich lead to immediate deaths. Illegal abortions are more likely to beperformed by untrained people, in unsanitary conditions, or with unsafesurgical procedures or drugs. In many European countries it is morelikely for woman to have illegal abortions. In countries where abortion islegal less than one percent of pregnancy related deaths are caused byabortion. In the United States. the legalization of abortion became an issue in1966, when Mississippi passed a law permitting abortion in cases of rape. In the following four years, other states started to legalize abortion toinclude cases in which a pregnancy threatens a womans health, the fetushas serious abnormalities, or the pregnancy is the result of sexualrelations between close relatives. The Supreme court decided in the early1973 two cases known as Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton, that abortion waslegal for any apparent reason before the 24th week of pregnancy. Thereason for this is because the fetus has not yet become viable. The rulingof the Supreme Court allowed individual states to change the law byrestricting abortion after viability. Except in certain cases when thepregnancy presents a threat to the womans health, abortion is allowedno matter how many weeks. In 1976 the Supreme Court recognized the right of pregnant girlsunder the age of 18, know as a minor, to terminate her pregnancy. Thecourt ruled three years later that states may require consent of one of theparents of the minor, who wants a abortion. However, consent is notneeded if a confidential alternative form of review, such as a judicialhearing. A judicial hearing is made for young women, who had chosennot to involve their parents in their decision of abortion. The SupremeCourt of The United States also ruled that a judicial court may approve aminors decision of abortion, in place of her parents, only if the judgefinds that the young girl is capable to make the decision on her own. Ifthe judge finds the minor not mature enough to make the decision ofabortion on her own, the court can rule whether the termination ofpregnancy is in the minors best interest. Since these decisions many states have enforced parental consent,or notification laws. Although some laws have been argued in courts foryears. For Example in 1990, Hodgson v. Minnesota, the Supreme Courtupheld a law requiring that prior notice of the minors parents must beprovided before and abortion is performed. In a similar case thathappened in Ohio, the Supreme Court upheld a requirement for notice orconsent of only one parent. In 1980 the Supreme Court upheld anotherruling restricting the availability of federal Medicaid funding forabortions that were medically necessary. After that ruling, abortionpayments for the poor women were limited to cases in which thepregnancy threatened the womans life. Also in 1977, the Supreme Courtallowed the city of St. Louis, Missouri to exclude elective abortions fromprocedures performed in a public hospital. In 1983, the court found it unconstitutional to require that awoman considering an abortion should be given information developedby the sta te, talking about risks and consequences and that they shouldwait 24 hours after receiving the information about abortion. Also in1986, the court struck down a law in Pennsylvania requiring that state-developed materials about abortion being offered to woman that areundergoing the procedure of abortion. In 1989 there was a Supreme Court decision in Webster v. .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 , .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .postImageUrl , .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 , .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40:hover , .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40:visited , .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40:active { border:0!important; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40:active , .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40 .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7fef43171e4fd0b316b25f69ed1b8f40:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse EssayReproductive Health services, and since then the court has permittedseveral state imposed restrictions to stand. The Webster case upheld aMissouri law that prohibits the use of public facilities or publicemployees for abortion and requires a physician to determine theviability of a fetus older than 20 weeks before performing an abortion. In1991, in the case of Rust v. Sullivan, the court upheld a federal policy thatprevented health care providers who received federal funding fromengaging in any activities that encouraged or promoted abortion as amethod of family planning. This policy was later annulled by PresidentBill Clinton in 1993. One year earlier in 1992 the court decided PlannedParenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, which was a case inwhich the court reaffirmed the central ruling of Roe v. Wade, that noundue burden on access to abortion should exist for a woman over 18years of age prior to fetal viability. That case also permitted states morefreedom in regulating abortion. The court overturned rulings whichmade it possible for states to once again require that a woman be giveninformation about abortion risks and consequences and wait 24 hoursbefore actually performing the procedure. The last bill enacted by the Congress was passed in 1996, banningthe practice of partial birth abortions. President Clinton rejected the lawbecause it failed to permit use of the procedure when a fetus displaysabnormalities, or when carrying a pregnancy to term presents a seriousthreat to the womans life or health. Since then many states have passedthe law banning use of the procedure. Since the Supreme Court ruling in 1973, pro-life supporters haveworked continuously to reverse the decision. They had state and federalofficials to place restrictions on women seeking abortions or onindividuals providing abortions. In 1994, the Freedom Of Access toClinic Entrances Act was enacted, which made it a federal crime to useforce, threat of force, or physical obstruction to injure, intimidate, orinterfere with reproductive health care providers and their patients. During that same year, in a case known as Madsen v. Womens healthCenter, the Supreme Court upheld the basic right to protest in peaceful,organized demonstrations outside abortion clinics. More than twodecades since the Supreme Court first upheld a womans right toabortion, the debate over the morality and the legality of inducedabortion continues in the U.S. Although pro-life and pro-choicesupporters still continue to argue the issue. A growing number ofindividuals and organizations are kind of leaving the debate in search ofcommon ground. Many people hope that broadening the arguments toinclude a wider spectrum of perspectives will improve the chances of anend to the issue. The argument for abortion is that women who accidentally getpregnant have the option to get an abortion. Instead of just having thebaby and leaving it stranded abortion will not leave you in that situation. In some cases the pregnancy is unwanted and therefore that is why Ithink abortion should be legal. I feel that the woman should be able todecide what happens to their body. Some woman must have theabortion other wise it is a threat and risk to their lives and to their health. Some parents might not be understanding and when they find out thattheir child is about to perform and abortion, the parents wont let thechild do it. Therefore the child is forced to have an illegal abortion whichis extremely dangerous. On the other hand, the argument against havingabortion is that it can be very risky. Some abortions are so severe thatthey can kill you. Most of the abortions dont necessarily have to protectthe mothers health since she wants to kill the baby. If the mother doesntwant to baby so badly than she should put it up for adoption. Majorityof the abortions performed in the United States are done in an unskilledway, which leads to either woman dying or having horrendous sideeffects such as the inability to have children. The woman who is havingthe abortion should be responsible to prevent a pregnancy from thebeginning of the sexual relationship. In conclusion I feel that abortion should be legalized through out theworld. I think an amendment should be passed for all those unwantedmothers who either cant afford to have a baby or who just dont want it. Obviously my position on this case is to allow the choice of an abortion inany case. I hope Ive proved my arguments for having an abortion. In thefuture, I aspire that abortion will be legal in all states and not just selectedstates through out the country.

Criminals Are Born, Not Made Essay Example

Criminals Are Born, Not Made Essay Example Criminals Are Born, Not Made Paper Criminals Are Born, Not Made Paper Crime is an event which is harmful for people and it is the state opposition. According to Wilkins v. U. S â€Å"A crime is an act committed or omitted, in violation of a public law, either forbidding or commanding it; a breach or violation of some public right or duty due to a whole community, considered as a community. In its social aggregate capacity, as distinguished from a civil injury. † (Anon. , n. d. ) On the other hand, Criminal is defined as someone who has occurs a crime. Different Psychologists has different opinions about why people occurs crime. Overview of the topic There are two main reasons why people commit crimes one is genetically and other is inspired by people. There are many kinds of criminals around us. Some of them are genetically and some of people made. There are huge number of criminals who are create criminal activities by inspired people. One the other hand, there are a few number of people who is generate genetically. Some children can be genetically criminal if his/her own generations any person is criminal. On the other hand, many children is criminal for their environment. A man isn’t just as a criminal back to it many reason. Some contrasting views of the topic There are many researchers who gave many different opinions about this topic. But all of them did not gave same opinions. Some researchers said that criminals are not born also made. If a children combine a bad friend or bad people they may be bad. There is a proverb that† Floats laden with iron†. A man can be criminal for his bad company. In addition, socializing, environment, unemployment, family condition, poverty, political system, Law enforcement are also responsible for occur a crime. At some point, a child born in an educated family, he is innocent at his childhood. But gradually when he combines with bad people or involve with politics then he start petty crime and at last he become a fulfill criminal. Farrington West (1990) found a link between unemployment, poverty and crime; and the most persistent offenders had not had a stable job (Anon. , n. d. ). In our world many criminal but all of them are not made by gene. For this mainly responsible their nature and environment. When a criminal born he is innocent but day by day his environment bound him for crime. One the other hand, researchers have claimed that some people may be born with genes that makes them inherently violent. A human body contains many kind of genes. Some of them are maintain for his/her behaviors. Mainly two kind of gene is responsible for children violence. One is variant of cadherin 13 (CDH13), which is involved in neural connectivity, and has been linked to impulse control in extremely violent offenders. Other is monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) that contributes to less recycling of the neurotransmitter, dopamine. (Anon. 2014) Mednick (1987) and Bohman (1995) looked at court convictions and criminal records of 14,000 people and their biological and adoptive parents. Professor Jari Tiihonen and colleagues at the Institute analyzed the genes of 895 Finnish people found guilty of criminal behavior, organizing them by the crimes they have committed. (Anon. , 2014) Some examples which may support the contrasting views you include There are many criminal born in the world at different time. But all of them are not criminal for their gene. They became a criminal by someone or social condition. Kala Jahangir was a notorious Bangladeshi crime boss. According to the police reports, he came from an educated family. Both his father and mother have been teachers. He was quite well known as a meritorious student in his childhood. But in his college life he went prison. After realizing the prison he became dangerous people and involve to politics. Then some political leader inspired him and he early transferred a fulfill criminal. There are many people like Kala Jahangir who were come from respective family but when he socialize with bad companion they become a criminal (Anon. 2012). One the other hand, Gino and Mark Stocco are father and son. Both of them are criminal. Police have indicated they are likely to charge the father-and-son fugitives with attempted murder after they fired on two police vehicles. Since they are father and son so their crime responsible is their gene (Anon. , n. d. ). Personal view of the topic Many researchers and psychologists gave different opinions different time about criminals are born but not made. Some of them are said on behalf of it and some of them said it’s against. But my opinions is criminal are not made. Most of the criminal are not made by gene. They become a criminal for their environmental problem. So I think criminals are made not born. Conclusion A child learn that what happened in her around. If his generation is criminal then maybe he will be a criminal. One the other hand, if anybody socialize bad company then he can be a criminal. A criminal is a bad man but he is a human. We should not leave them. We should give their proper environment.

Religion class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Religion class - Essay Example It has strengthened my belief in a superior power and made me a positive thinker at even the oddest hour. I abstain from bad habits, such as illegal relationship, liquor, fights, backbiting, conspiring just because Islam taught me so. I am interested in getting myself educated and travelled to America because my religion asked every one including women, children, and men to get educated even if we have to travel for longer periods. I offer prayer five times a day in any mosque with other Muslims and Imam. If there is no mosque nearby, I offer it alone on a clean surface. Every year, in the month of Ramadan, I observe fast for a month which is followed by Eid-ul-fitar. It is followed by another religious practice called sacrifice of animals on Eid-ul-adha; I practice this tradition with my family. My family gives alms to poor; it is a certain amount on our money which is given as charity. I have also performed Hajj and Umrah. My religious preference is Islam despite all the rage about Muslims and Islam in western world. It is the same religious tradition in which I am raised. However, it has little to do with my birth in a Muslim family. Muslim culture and tradition in not only Saudi society but in other world regions has immensely inspired me to stick with it. I am determined to practice religion Islam in future because of my faith in its universality, diversity, humility, logic, and compliance with the modern and scientific world in a balanced way. On an honest note, I am not fully learned about Islam. I want to explore it in depth because it inspires me at every point I come across. Muhammad (PBUH) is the Prophet of God and he is the most ideal human being I have ever known. I am inspired by the way he spent his life, be it his love with human, relationship with enemies, everyday life or war time. Knowing my religious background and its acceptance as preferred religion in future

Economic Crisis in the 1930s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Crisis in the 1930s - Essay Example The role of new corporate leaders in achieving the same is also unignorable. Correspondingly, with this notion, the discussion henceforth addresses the role of corporate leaders in the industrial revolution of America, which helped the nation perform in the international role. Cesar E. Chavez was one of those historic leader having an immense contribution towards determining labor laws for the welfare of the working class, which further influenced the development of the industrial sector in America. During the same period, under the leadership of Roosevelt, large-scale corporate initiatives were adopted in the US, which contributed towards the development of an industrial America. J.P. Morgan is also counted among one of such leaders who emerged with the approach of consolidating numerous industries and ensuring their operations in the US. His approach also contributed towards the development of the US, as one of the top industrial economies in the world (National Museum of America, â€Å"The Development of the Industrial United States†). However, despite the effectiveness and contribution of the leaders, the country had to deal with the economic turmoil in the 1930s (National Museum of America, â€Å"The Development of the Industrial United States†). Contextually, owing to the lack of balance amid the new industrial economic system and the global financial market, the US became a primary contributor to the great depression of the 1900s. Problems were correspondingly identified in the financial regulations of the nation that further influenced the operations of the financial institution, eventually leading to the great depression (U.S. Department of State, â€Å"Labor in America: The Workers Role†).

Poverty in modern life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 188

Poverty in modern life - Essay Example There are many reasons for this problem and many solutions. The main cause of this problem is social stratification, where the poor people are condemned to their poverty. The rich continue enriching themselves by using their power and authority while the poor continue being poor. Income inequality caused by social stratification, political issues and poor economic policies lead to increased poverty among the minority members of the society. In addition, this problem happens due to lack of information about microfinance and banking in the society. Information asymmetry leads to inadequate information by the members of the society which could be used to make appropriate financial and economic decisions in order to come out of poverty. Lastly, this issue is caused by governments’ inability to implement public policies effectively. There are three primary solutions to this issue. The first solution is the government should establish effective systems of financial and economic empo werment. A country that has people that are development conscious can least find itself in situations of war and other forms of violence. Therefore, governments should create favorable policies that enhance business growth and peaceful co-existence among all people. In my opinion, economic empowerment is the only way that people can understand ways of identifying and providing solutions to social needs. Secondly, the government should create regulations to control financial markets so that they provide financial services effectively to all members of the society. For instance, the government should direct banks to lower their lending rates to small and medium businesses to allow them to invest and provide financial and economic security to members of the public.  

The Weakness Of Relying On Income Per Capita Economics Essay

The Weakness Of Relying On Income Per Capita Economics Essay Income per capita is how much money each person earns in average in a particular time. It is used to indicate the economy for an area and to evaluate the living standards and the quality of life for different countries, nations or regions. It is usually measured by dividing the national income of a country, which is the entire income of all the people arising from a countrys gross domestic product (GDP), by the entire population of the country. Income per capita= total personal income of a country/ the entire population of the country For example, lets suppose there is a city where 1,000 people are making $200 per year and 100 people earning $1 million per year so the income per capita is ($200x1000people)+($1 million x 100people) / 1100 = $91,091. b) The weakness of relying on income per capita Income per capita is a very useful tool to assess the wealth of a nation, especially when comparing to other nations. By using income per capita, we can compare the economic well being of an individual in the country or the living standards between countries or the living standards within country overtime. Yet, it has a number of limitations why this may not be the right tool to determine well-being for an individual country. Firstly, when using income per capita as measurement, the income distribution does not gauge precisely. Income per capita is an average. Hence, it neglects the income distribution within a country. Though the countrys GDP per capita may be very high, it may be the fact that 10 percent of the population of the country makes millions of times more than other 90 percent of the population of the country who makes little wages. It means outliers who are within the population of a country (extremely poor or rich) can have an uneven result on the overall outcome. Secondly, by looking at the example in (a), we can see clearly that income per capita does not represent the real living standards of the whole population of the city as it is the average income of a population and the income does not allocate equally among all the population of the country. Besides, income per capita neglects the consequences of inflation. Income per capita will be unnaturally overstated if the prices increase more rapidly in one country than in another. In addition, the amount of money in different countries will have different values due to the varying exchange rates. Hence, comparing income per capita country to country gives inaccurate results. It may be more appropriate to measure when comparing different years in an individual country. Whats more, just because a countrys income per capita is high doesnt mean that country is high standards of living. It may be because of working longer hours, not because of earning high salaries. The more people work, the more stress and the more workload they get. Working long hour makes the peoples stress level high and it reduces the personal leisure time which decreases the standards of living and gives less happiness in their lives. Furthermore, the values shown up at income per capita do not include the quality of the goods is another fact why GDP per capita may not be the right tool to measure the living standards of life. The output may probably be increased. However, the goods which are being produced are of poor quality, therefore the quality of living standards may still not be getting better. Finally, real GDP does not take account of externalities which are third party costs that do have an effect on living standards of the population, for instance, congestion and pollution. These pose costs on third parties and represent real opportunity costs for them, reducing their effectiveness disposable income, and hence living standards. Congestion, pollution and other negative externalities have obviously harmful effects on wellbeing. The time spent ill, results less working days and it cuts output, and moreover, the time being sick is an opportunity cost to leisure time. c) Factors that need to be included when using income per capita When comparing income per capita between countries, we have to have a common base measure to compare income per capita in different countries to get more accurate result. To compare income per capita among countries, the input data which are gathered in the local currency has to be converted to the common base currency being used for the comparison, for example, US dollars. The problem of money inflation, which is mentioned in question (b), can be overcome by the use of money deflator by using a price index and therefore, the real per capita income is being compared and a better result of relative standard of living is deduced. In addition, income per capita doesnt show how a countrys income is disturbed and it also neglects about environment, human freedom and the value of leisure. As a result, one must also take into account other factors providing, such as longevity and peoples health, the distribution of income, the quality of environment, access to education and many more to examine the real quality of life in different countries. All of the above factors need to be considered when using income per capita to assess differences in well-being among countries to make sure that meaningful comparisons are accomplished. d) Human Development Index The Human development Index (HDI) is a standard means of measuring well-being. It is used to point out the impact of economic measures on quality of life. To assess the different countries living standards based on the fall and rise of incomes within that country, for instance, income per capita, is not an accurate way of determining that countrys development. There are a number of more important factors which should be assessed to get the real standard quality of life, for example, how healthy people are, what their potential is as a human beings and how the environment in which they are living is. For the purpose of giving a more comprehensive measure of well-being in both social and economic variables among countries, the HDI has developed as an alternative way to measure other aspects of human developments. The basic concept of HDI is to assess the development of a country through people of a country being healthy, being educated and having good standards of living. The person whether having healthy lifestyle is measured by life expectancy. The life expectancy determines the normal lifetime of the people of a certain region. It is also an aspect for assessing the physical life quality of a certain region. Being educated is one of the features in measuring HDI which is assessed by adult literacy and enrollment in primary, middle and high school level. Having good standards of living is measured by purchasing power parity, PPP and income. HDI is not a complete measure of development of countrys well-being. It does not take in important indicators, for instance, respect for human rights, inequality and democracy. However, by using HDI, governments are able to assess countrys well-being against other countries in a better way instead of just focusing success on money statics and it gives a broadened view of the progress of human and the complex link between well-being and income. Question 2 (a) Deflationary gap takes place when the equilibrium level of income is less than the full employment income. Expansionary monetary policies should be carried out to overcome the deflationary gap of an economy. Normally, in this case, a central bank will raise the supply of money to solve the problem of deflationary gap by means of reserve requirements and/or providing lower interest rates. Expansionary monetary policy, in reserve, allows banks to hold only a small amount of the total assets. Therefore, cash withdrawal can be available immediately and banks keep only a small amount of the total assets and the rest is put in liquid assets in the forms mortgages and loans. By reducing the reserve requirements, the funds of loan available are increased and it makes the money supply rise. By giving lower interest rates it encourage people and firms to borrow money and investment will rise. As the money supply increases, people will consume more goods and services. As the expansion of business cycle gets underway, wealth gets higher and this will head to a multiplied increase in national income. (b) Inflationary gap occurs when there is too much demand in the economy and it takes place when the equilibrium level of income goes over the full employment income. The inflationary gap can be controlled by implementing the deflationary fiscal policy. It could be done by raising taxes in some form and/or by reducing government spending. Either of these will slow down the economy level of demand and will help to reach the equilibrium level of economic growth. Deflationary fiscal policy will probably increase the tax on expenditures which lead to increase prices and discourage people from spending too much, or it may increase the tax on income that will make people less money so that they can stop people from spending so much and this will have a multiplied effect on national income. (c) Question 3 a. (i) Marginal utility Utility is a persons total satisfaction that obtained from when a customer consumes a good or service. Marginal utility is an additional satisfaction which one person acquires from using one additional unit of a good or service. As marginal utility concept is used by economists to examine how much units of good or service a customer will purchase, it is an essential economic concept. If the use of goods and services of an extra unit maximizes the total utility, it is positive marginal utility. It is a negative marginal utility if the use of goods and services of an additional unit minimizes the total utility. a. (ii) Demand curve for good Y The following diagram illustrates a demand curve D of an individual normal good Y, where P means the price charged for each unit of normal good Y and Q refers to the quantity demanded. The point a which intercept vertically of the demand curve demonstrates the highest price for each unit of good Y that a person is willing to pay. a. (iii) According to the demand curve above, the individual is prepared to pay an amount of a for the first unit of consumption of good Y. since the demand curve for a normal good slopes downwards, the individual is prepared to pay less and less for consumption: their marginal valuation of the good falls with consumption. Under certain assumptions this marginal valuation (the height of the demand curve) can be thought of as a measure of marginal utility. (Note: as Q increases, the individuals marginal valuation falls and hence marginal utility falls the principle of diminishing marginal utility. b. (i) Price elasticity of demand According to law of demand, a drop in price of goods increases the demand of goods. A measure of how much percentage of a good quantity demanded responds to changes of price of that good is price elasticity of demand. If the demand of a good responds considerably to changes in price, demand for a good is elastic. If the demand of a good responds only a bit to changes in the price, then demand for a good is inelastic. In formula, b. (ii) Given: % change in quantity demand of good Z= (200-100)/100 x100 = 100 % change in price of good Z= (5-10)/10 x 100 = -50 Therefore, price of elasticity of demand of good Z= 100/50 = -2 c. (i) The following diagram shows a linear demand curve and the associated marginal revenue curve for a monopolist. The quantity demanded Q which is on the horizontal axis and the price P, on the vertical axis shows a linear demand curve, D for a good. Given that demand is linear, marginal revenue, MR is also linear and has twice the slope: the horizontal intercept of the demand curve, a, is twice that of the marginal revenue curve, a/2. c. (ii) the demand curve has unit elasticity nd = -1 at the point where marginal revenue is equal to zero. The inelastic and elastic regions of the demand curve are those points to the right and left of this point.

Infectious Disease :: science

Infectious Disease What is the stake of the American People and the Government by International Agencies to control Infectious Disease in Developing Countries? More people are at risk of infectious diseases than at any other time on history. Infectious diseases are worldwide problem requiring worldwide attention. Infectious diseases can weaken the strength of a nation's resources. In developing nations this poses even a greater threat. Diseases are threatening the economic stability of many developing nations. 50,000 people die everyday from infectious disease. Rift Valley Fever infects both livestock and humans. Rift Valley Fever is most commonly found in regions of eastern and southern Africa. It also exists in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa. The Bunyaviridae family includes the Rift Valley Fever disease. It is primarily spread from infected mosquitoes, who then infect animals. Generally they infect domestic animals, such as buffalo, cattle, sheep, camels and goats. Once the livestock are infected, other mosquitoes can spread the disease. It is also possible that the infection can be spread from other biting insects. The Rift Valley Fever outberak of 1997-1998 in eastern Africa killed both humans and livestock. It economically hurt trase in animals and the dairy indusrty.. the economy was crushed by trade imbargoes. Humans can get Rift Valley Fever in numerous ways. Humans can be infected from the mosquitoes or the bodily fluids of the infected animal. Contact such as slaughtering the infected animal can occur also. Symptoms include, an infuenza like illness, fever, liver abnormalities, muscle and back pain and vomitting. In the early stages of Rift Valley Fever, these symptoms are some times mistaken for meningitis. This fever may also perceive itself to be haemorrhagic fever. Fatalities occur mostly in patients who have developed haemorrhagic fever. In diagnosing Rift Valley Fever, tests have demostrated the presence of antibodies to the disease. Studies in animals have given antiviral drugs for the use of humans. Herdsman and animal workers in areas where Rift Valley Fever is present are at a greater risk of being infected. The risk of transmission can be reduced by, wearing gloves, insect repellent, the use of protective clothes, and avoiding outdoor activity during peak biting times. Surveillance is important to form effective measures for reducing the number of infections. Cholera is a diarrheal illness that is spread by contaminated water and food. It is caused by an infection of the intestine, and in many cases it can be very severe.

Journey to Christianity Essay

The preference for a religion or any sense of spirituality is a personal choice and digression. The option either not to actively participate in one’s religion’s rituals, traditions, and customs or do the otherwise, maybe even stay neutral, is still of personal consideration. Nothing or no one can truly and essentially mediate with these affairs unless allowed to do so by the said practitioner of beliefs and doer of such saintly conviction. For me, Christianity has been the choice of religion, and the personal spirituality gained from trusting it brings one’s mind, soul, and spirit in truly an almost enlightened state. Truth is every religion’s destination point and the journey to and through Christianity is one which continues and grows with each passing day. Journey to Christianity The discernment on religion and spirituality is one of the greater existential and even transcendental issues of human existence. Moreover, the concept of a greater being, or sometimes even beings, have been constructed into almost gloriously confusing and still remarkably mysterious belief systems which seemingly condemn the evil and venerate the good. But one thing holds true, pure, and private, no matter what: every individual is given that personal right to choose whatever it is that he or she wants to believe in or not—to condemn and venerate, or not. Christianity, a monotheistic faith, centers on strong belief system which only holds a One Higher and Greater Being to be God and His Son, Jesus Christ the Messiah—the Chosen One who stands as the prophesized-man’s key to salvation. All certainty, knowledge, and wisdom are believed written in the Holy Bible, which content is also believed to be beyond contestation. But before everything else is settled in both my religious and spiritual points of view, the journey is one which should continue and develop day by day by day. My journey began as a child. Like mostly everybody else, any form of belief, opinion and sense of culture begins at home and in school. As I did remember, it was in a simple arithmetic math class and a church sermon that I tried to make the correlations in between. I tried to make sense of things in such an early age. In class, we did simple arithmetic exercises which tested our accuracy in basic addition and subtraction. Then, as I remembered the weekend before, the priest from the church had mentioned the concept of the Triune God (Father, Son and Holy Ghost) — this snatched my attention from the class’s activities and carried on through the rest of the day. I thought to myself, how could three things be formed into one, if by plain law of mathematics one plus one equals two, then it also suggest that one plus one plus one cannot equate to one? In some way, even at an early age, I thought of things this way and looked for the interconnectivity among things, people, and events. Such matters stimulated my own process of trying to better learn the how’s and why’s of Christianity, and moreover about life and everything else in it. I tried my best not to accept everything as there are and were — this was my journey’s most definitive moment, for it spurred the essence of life—to search for something greater, to live with purpose and meaning. Such interest and zest carried on as years passed; it was a quest. A series of continuing investigations within myself, things around me, and with the people I knew, know, and came to know all played crucial roles in my own discernment of deity, concept a of Greater being, and everything else in between. Understanding the way they thought and perceived life contributed in my own personal process of thinking, in my decision making developments, and in my belief in both the earthly and divine elements. But amidst the enduring efforts, there was a gap which would never be answered, and the notion of not knowing would only be the somewhat and only agonizing conclusion. Even considering the long, comprehensive history of man and life and of various disciplines and sciences as only part of one speck in the whole universe, there is no way of actually and absolutely finding out the truth about God and all else that comes with it. Hence, there is faith. Faith is that intangible emotion of believing in something, someone—despite and in spite of all and any circumstance. This is the very essence of Christianity to accept as true—to love and to be a believer amidst temptation, sin, and what is wrong. Even though, at the end of it all, it is still a matter of personal choice, I chose Christianity because this is what fills and completes the gaps between my philosophical and spiritual trenches. No matter how far I would begin to discern, whether or not there is a God, whether or not there is salvation, it all brings me back to faith. All its teachings serve as a guide. All its lessons serve as a channel of reference. The journey to and through Christianity is one which has not been concluded, for it must be a long lasting process. Only in its conclusion will one find truth.

Importance Of Team Work And Building Teams Management Essay Essays

Importance Of Team Work And Building Teams Management Essay Essays Importance Of Team Work And Building Teams Management Essay Essay Importance Of Team Work And Building Teams Management Essay Essay At the footing of human society, of the household, and of all societal operation, is the inquiry of how people can unite their attempts and imaginativenesss to work in ways that enhance the quality of life through the accomplishment of their shared ends. In this twenty-first century concern universe, administrations lay a immense accent on leading and teamwork. As the stating goes two caput are better than one, combination of attempts are rather important to accomplish productive consequences. Teams are a group of people with complementary accomplishments embedded in an administration for finishing undertakings which contribute to making organizational ends, it must be understood here that by administration it merely does nt mention to a topographic point of work, it can be a football squad, a societal nine or merely a group of people to transport out a undertaking. Teamwork is a systematic manner of uniting human attempts, to maximize end product. It is widely understood that squads carryout undertakings better than single human attempt, as it is affected by synergism. Importance of Team Work Certain undertakings are beyond the capacity of persons to be completed by themselves, they need to make task sharing or some aid to acquire the occupation done, this is where squads are formed and undertakings may be shared and thoughts may be pooled to finish undertakings at manus. In administrations a certain undertaking is needed to be completed, but no 1 can the enterprise of managing it, none of the workers have the capacity to make it on their ain, at such a point a squad may be formed with typical workers holding complimentary accomplishments. Team work besides helps in cut downing communicating jobs between workers, which can be rather normally found in work topographic points. Formation of squads brings to assist persons closer at that place by bridging any spreads that may lie between work force in an administration. Teams aid in edifice trusts and relationships between colleagues and besides between direction and labour force. Puting people in a squad brings them closer to each other thereby making a sense of common regard for each other. It is besides common to happen in the modern workplace, struggles and cases of dissension, where workers do nt hold over certain points refering as to how a occupation should be done, or determinations taken by direction may or may non be understood or agreed with by the work force. Formation of squads with effectual leaders may work out such jobs who may break able to pass on the message to atomic squads or single members Building Teams Rome was nt built in a twenty-four hours , neither can teams be squad edifice is a gradual stepwise ( or at times cyclical procedure ) where persons come closer and start sharing common aims Assorted theoretical accounts and theories have explained the procedure of formation of squads in a work topographic points, out of which the Tuckman Model besides known as the Forming-storming-norming-performingmodel, is the most popular foremost proposed by first proposed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965. This theoretical account is an elegant and helpful account of squad development and behaviour, it aims to explicate that development of a squad goes through assorted stages namely- Forming-The first phase affecting organizing the squad, the squad meets and engages in larning about the squad ends and aims. Most members at this phase are ill-defined about their single functions and there is a high dependance on the leader for counsel. Leaderships at this phase have to be directing and must put out clear regulations and processs about what the squad wants to achieve. Characterized by- High dependance on leader for counsel and way. Small understanding on squad aims other than received from leader. Individual functions and duties are ill-defined. ( tuckman organizing ramping norming executing theoretical account Accessed from- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming.htm ) Storming-This is the phase where different thoughts compete for consideration. This is characterized by dissensions and ends and outlooks and struggles about functions and duties. The leader must steer the squad through this trubulent phase and may good take up the function of a manager and animate the members to come closer and gel together as one unit. Persons in the group can merely stay nice to each other for so long, as of import issues start to be addressed.A Some people s forbearance will interrupt early, and minor confrontations will originate that are rapidly dealt with or glossed over. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chimaeraconsulting.com/tuckman.htm ) Norming-After the storming phase, the squad passes on to the norming phase, it is at this phase where the unit tends to settle down, and members adjust their behavior to each other and develop work wonts that make teamwork expression more natural and fluid. Interpersonal accomplishments play a immense function at this phase, it is at this phase that common trust is built and member start swearing each other and acquire closer. Performing- This is the last phase in squad development, non many squads reach this phase and may die before this. This is the phase where the squad really starts to execute and tasks get completed and desired consequences may be achieved. There is a high grade of liberty and single members are clear about their functions and are more strategically cognizant of squad ends. Team members gel together as a cohesive unit, and are able to finish the undertaking efficaciously without any struggles. Adjourining-This phase was subsequently added by Bruce Tuckman in the 1970s, it describes the phase where squad undertakings are being completed or are close completion and sense of easy traveling attitude may harvest up or a kind of de motive may take topographic point. It is the premier undertaking of the leaders at this phase to maintain actuating the members to complete of the undertakings at manus. After completion of the undertakings, the squads may acquire disbanded or formation of new squads from the members may take topographic point. Sound Teamwork and Organizational Success The benefits of sound teamwork are many, and it is widely agreed by many faculty members and direction gurus that teamwork is important to success. Assorted theories and theoretical accounts have straight and indirectly indicated the importance of teamwork in an constitution. It is widely understood that increased productiveness is extremely good to an organisation. Productivity of work force can be increased in many ways, like utilizing Principles of Scientific Management, utilizing inducements and wagess, usage of modern engineering and usage of TEAM WORK. Abraham Maslow s hierarchy of demands, besides explains the importance of squads in a work place- Harmonizing to Maslow there are assorted degrees of human needs-the first degree of which is that of basic demands like nutrient, fabric and shelter, so the following one being that of safety or security demands, so societal demands, the following one being esteem demands and eventually the demand for self realization, therefore workers who have satisfied their physiological and safety demands will look frontward to run into societal demands, this societal demands can be met with by seting persons in squads. The importance of squad work was besides realized through the Hawthorne surveies, a series of experiments conducted by a group of psychologists in a big electrical constituents mill over a 10 twelvemonth period. This survey suggested squads and groups affect the working environment in an organisation and besides the fact that groups were capable of altering an person s perceptual experiences and beliefs. Formation of squad work leads to more disciplined staff-an single working on his ain may be unorganised but when he is in a squad he may hold to follow certain regulations and protocols, therefore he becomes more disciplined this is in bend rather important for organizational success. Formation of squads help to develop better communicating accomplishments of work force as therefore it can take to better consequences for the constitution Team work improves employee relations-when persons are put in a squad each member come to a better contact with other members therefore heightening co-operation between them, this increases flow of work and completion of undertakings hassle free Teamwork leads to merger of thoughts, and this meeting of thoughts make an administration creative and advanced. It is found that most advanced or entrepreneurial administrations have a web of squads, where authorization of squad members in footings of originative thoughts are of high degree Teamwork leads to quicker completion of tasks-due to synergy of single attempts in a squad, undertakings are completed quicker and better, if a undertaking is left to be completed by individual individual, so it will take more clip to be completed, where as if the undertakings are shared so lesser clip will be needed to finish the undertaking Leadership A batch of times Leadership has been defined and redefined by many great bookmans, visionaries and research workers, to be true leading can non be defined by a individual word or phrase as it takes a batch of attempt and needs a figure of properties which makes a leader what he is. Well it can still be generalized as that- A leader is person who can demo the manner and inspire people to follow him. With the concern universe going of all time more competitory and establishments spliting its work force into squads, need for leaders is going more and more, comparing direction today with direction 25 old ages ago Psychoanalyst Michael Maccoby conducted in-depth interviews with concern executives twenty-five old ages ago. He concluded that administrations required higher degree of leading than of all time before to last and thrive ( Dubrin.J.A, 2005, Pg-9 ) Leadership accomplishments, attacks and schemes Leadership is a mutual relationship between those who choose to take and those who decide to follow ( Kouzes A ; Posner 1993, p.1 ) A squad without a leader is like a ship without a captain. For a leader to win he must hold followings who are readily available to back up him in his cause. The common features found in the twenty-first century leaders are the ability to animate and excite others to carry through worthwhile ends. Leadership accomplishments are derived from assorted theories, Trait theories- This theory chiefly deals with what sort of traits a individual must posses in order to be a successful leader. Research on successful suggests that they had certain inherited and besides state of affairs based traits and it is believed that if other people had these traits in them, so they can besides go successful leaders. Some of the traits found in these great leaders are- Physical verve and staying power Intelligence and action-oriented opinion Eagerness to accept duty Undertaking competency Skills in covering with people Trustworthiness Adaptability Behavioral theories- This theory fundamentally suggests that no 1 is a born leader, and one can larn to be a leader. Here congenital traits or capablenesss of a leader has non been given importance, instead what they really do has been studied. Some of the cardinal behaviors identified with successful leaders are- Concern for undertaking Concern for people Directing leading Participative leading Eventuality theories ( Situational Leadership ) Researchers found out that leading manners can non be to the full explained by behavioral theoretical accounts. It is the different state of affairss in which a leader operates in, which determines the manner of leading which is adopted. There are some theoretical accounts which try to explicate the manner of leading adopted and the state of affairs it is adopted in, they are- Fiedler s Contingency Model, Hersey-Blanchard Situational Theory, Path-Goal Theory, Vroom-Yetton Leadership Model Fiedler s Contingency theoretical account suggests that the effectivity of a leader and thereby public presentation of a group depends on 3 factors- The relationship between the leaders and followers- Degree to which a leader is accepted and supported by the group members. The construction of the undertaking at hand- Planing on how the undertaking is to be dealt with, what sort of ends have been set and the processs to be followed. Position power- the ability of the leader to command his followings, for the intent of acquiring the occupation done.

Health workers Essay Example

Health workers Essay Example Health workers Essay Health workers Essay Health workers constitute of an important part of the society in the sociological understanding of issues affecting populations. In the case scenario 14 provided Kelly aged 15 years is an adolescent representing many adolescents who have entered into premarital sex oblivious of risks associated with early sexual onset. Kelly and Tim are barely 18 years and already have started cohabiting despite the fact that they are under the marriage age as provided by the law. At jeopardy is health of the two teenagers, the health of the child they are expecting, the health of the boyfriend (Tim) who has been faced with challenge of taking care of Kelly and the expected baby. In terms of health sociological stratification helps health workers to analyze social factors which contribute to situations as the one demonstrated above. This is because health workers have to play both preventive and mitigative roles if they have to offer the care they are supposed to offer in the society. Just like other social workers health workers are supposed to use a multidimensional approach to solve problems prevalent in the society which in the case of the case scenario provided highlights a problem concerning early marriage as well as early onset of sexual intercourse amongst teenagers. The health of a mother is greatly affected by factors such as the age of the mother, the support available, access to support, access to health services as well as the support from family whether from the father or husband or whether from the parents of the mother. In the case of Kelly the situation is worrying given the fact that Kelly’s parents are unable to afford to offer the necessary care to the expectant Kelly. Equally the boyfriend is unable to offer the necessary support especially financial support needed by Kelly to stay fit and healthy. Sociological approaches to understanding the case scenario calls for analysis of causal-effect factors which will lead the health worker to answer the following questions; why is premarital sex prevalent in the society provided in the case scenario? What are the contributing factors to teen pregnancy in the given case scenario? What are the institutions in place to handle such cases? Why is the society comfortable or unperturbed by cases of premature marriages? What intervention measures are in place to correct or prevent problems such as the ones facing the society in the case scenario provided? If there are intervention measures in place then are they working and if they are not why are they failing? Finally social workers and health workers in particular must dissect the society for answers to the above questions if change is going to be achieved. There is a need for health workers to be better equipped with techniques, knowledge and skills which allows them to effectively interpr et social factors which contribute to social problems with an aim of suggesting counter measures. Housing is a basic need in that without proper shelter human beings are exposed to adverse weather conditions which can harm their health. In the case scenario provided housing is a problem hence the reason why Kelly and her boyfriend Tim share a room in Kelly’s parents housing commission house in an outer suburb. Housing is a major challenge facing governments and the social department’s efforts to ensure dignified housing to every citizen has not been successful. Access to housing boils down to income inequality which leads to a situation whereby some people cannot afford dignified housing. In the case scenario provided it is evident that Kelly and Tim do not have a steady source of income neither do their parents. As a result Kelly and Tim are forced to cohabit so as to capitalize on the available housing whilst if they had a proper or a steady source of income, perhaps both would stay apart to avoid further burdens such as financial constraints associated with havin g to start a family at such a tender age. The problem of housing goes beyond the control of health workers as it also touches on other government departments. This limits the kind of interventions the health sector can implement as policies relating to housing are made from other departments such as housing department. In access to dignified accommodation in the society in the case scenario provided is cramped at best and intolerable due to health risks associated with cramped or congested housing. Health workers can play an important role in advising policy makers on matters of health as it pertains to the permissible number of people who can occupy a house at any given time. Kelly is likely to suffer pregnant related complications as a result of health hazards she is exposed to due to staying in a congested house. For instance, the fact that she is expectant means that her body immunity system is severely low owing to a tender age. Living in a cramped house further complicates matters for Kelly since ventilation and fresh air which is very crucial for expectant mothers will be hard to come by under such an environment. The above demonstrates the need for health workers to move in and enforce health provisions which spell out requirements for housing. This can be very challenging because where the re is a problem of housing and high levels of unemployment, the security is rarely guaranteed and therefore this may contribute to a situation whereby health workers cannot freely move in to the society provided in the case scenario to resolve the issues. Unemployment is fast rising in the society. The situation is worse for uneducated youth who lack the academic credentials as well as skills and experience employers are looking for. The case of Kelly and Tim provides a classic example of the problem which has become very rampant in the society. Tim and Kelly are unable to access well paying job not necessarily because of their age but because they lack the skills and academic qualifications. Tim can only secure job in low wage industries where relevant benefits such as insurance cover and employee benefits are not guaranteed. Both Tim and Kelly are unlikely to land permanent jobs. From the case above there is evidence that Kelly does not have access to proper health care facilities. This is demonstrated by the fact that Kelly who is asthmatic has not been receiving proper health management hence the reason why she had been missing school from an early age. This is pointer to the fact that there is need for more health workers in the community to help manage conditions such as asthma which if well managed, patients can lead quality lives. As a result of inaccess to good health care facilities the health of both Kelly and the child she is expecting are in jeopardy as chances are that she will deliver unhealthy baby owing to a worsening health status. Diet is very central to health and well being of human beings. The case scenario demonstrates that Kelly, Tim and the parents of Kelly are unable to afford nutritional foods for Kelly and the other siblings. Access to healthy foods and nutrition plays an important role in ensuring that bodies can fight diseases. Nutrition is a leading source of high body immune system and where nutritional care is lacking, health is affected hence one becomes vulnerable to diseases and illnesses. Â  As a result of lack of access to nutrition the family of Kelly which has an history of diabetes is likely to fail in the management of the condition which gets worse if poorly managed. This is a challenge for health workers who must intervene in management of diabetes in both Kelly and the father. For Kelly management of diabetes is very important so as to ensure that in her days of preceding delivery she has the right weight and body pressure which if not well managed can cause fatal delivery. Health care workers can intervene in nutritional habits of community members in a number of ways. First of all health workers need to create awareness of the importance of healthy eating. Secondly health workers have a responsibility to de-link health habits from expensive habits. This is important considering the fact that many people associate health eating to costly foods which is not the case. Health workers can help members of the society understand cheaper sources of carbohydrates, vitamins as well as proteins and fats which can be afforded by even those with low income such as Kelly and Tim. Another way in which health workers can intervene in a situation such as the one provided in the case scenario is through advising on the role of sports and exercise in health living. The fact that Kelly has been missing out on exercising due to her asthmatic condition does not imply that she cannot exercise. With proper advice and guidance from health experts, Kelly can settle for less vigorous physical exercises which do not put pressure in her respiratory system owing to her asthmatic condition. There is also a need for the family to be advised on the importance of three meals a day especially for the health of Kelly who is expectant. Unemployment is a social problem which is not in the scope of health workers but which health workers can help alleviate by initiating collaborative programs with other government departments as well as the private sector .Cancican, 1989. Tim and Kelly are in need of a steady source of income as they are heading towards adulthood whereby they will have to stay on their own and become less independent on their parents. This clearly calls for Kelly and Tim to brainstorm options available for them. The fact that their early marriage is impending on education is for sure. McCroskey, 2005. However both can decide to go back to school or occasional colleges to attain some form of experience which will see them access better paying jobs. Wasewer,2003. Alternatively Kelly and Tim can think of income generating jobs which do not require specialized training but rather require talent. This way both can save earnings towards establishing a form of self employment which will consolidate their in come base and help them achieve a better life. This will help solve problems such as problem of food, the problem of housing since they will be able to afford a dignified accommodation.Cazenave, 1979. In addition, they will be able to solve the problem of disease as they will be in a better position to afford nutritional foods as well as manage condition facing Kelly such as diabetes and asthma. The fact that Kelly is expectant requires both Kelly and Tim to start planning for a new born considering that giving birth comes with it responsibilities of parenting. Reutebach, Tim and Charles, 2004. For instance, the new born will require baby care which is costly as well as access to pre-school in a few years. This calls for early planning considering that pre-schooling system is privately run and therefore there are no chances of the government paying for their kids pre-schooling. Health workers will play a big role in determining the kind of family Kelly and Tim will raise.Wasewer, 2003. Due to their relatively low educational level both Kelly and Tim are less likely to be well equipped with reproduction education such as family planning education. Scott,. Treas, and Richards, (Eds) (2004. This calls for the health care workers to offer such training to Kelly and Tim to prevent a situation whereby the two will raise a big family which will further strain their income. If Kelly and Tim are well advised and end up with a manageable family, they will be in a position to bring up a healthy family in better living condition considering that housing is a challenge and accommodation for a big family may cause problem similar to what they experienced earlier at Kelly’s house. Carlson, 1984. In conclusion, it has become evident from the case scenario discussed above that social factors contribute to health problems. Lack of access to steady sources of income, to proper housing, to good health care contribute to poor living conditions which if not well handled can result into a cyclic situation of bad health and poverty. The case of Kelly and Tim indicates the special role health care workers can play in resolving some social problems especially those which are socially constructed such as vulnerability to disease.

Charismatic Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Charismatic Leadership - Research Paper Example In the past Kurt Lewin has introduced three major styles of leadership, i.e. Authoritarian or autocratic, Participative or democratic and Delegative or Free Reign. However with the changing times and changing needs, there have also been a number of newer leadership models that have been developed. Some of these include the transactional, transformational, creative, corrective, change, multicultural, Pedagogical, Servant, and last but not the least Charismatic leadership. The leadership strategies adopted by an individual defines the leadership style of the person. The main aim of this report is to identify and discuss about the newer leadership styles and how they impact the real life organization problems. The main style in focus here is Charismatic leadership. The report will include a brief overview of the traditional concepts and approaches to leadership. A thorough analysis of the concept of charismatic leadership, history of the method, and how charismatic leadership relates to general theories will be made in the paper. Over the years, there have been numerous theories that have been developed for the different leadership approaches. Authors and experts in the field have provided a range of different styles and techniques of leadership. Here a brief overview of these styles has been developed followed by a detailed study of the charismatic leadership. Over the years, leadership literature has evolved and gained a number of schools of thoughts. These have grown from Great man theory and trait theory to the transformational leadership theory. These theories were developed with focus only on the characteristics and behavior of the leaders however; this has not begun to also take into account the role of the followers in terms of the leadership. To understand to a greater extent, the following table provides a clear presentation of the journey from the Great man theory and trait theory to the transformational leadership theory. This

How can scarcity be a problem in the capitalist economy when the shops Essay

How can scarcity be a problem in the capitalist economy when the shops are well stocked, there are over 2.5 million people unemp - Essay Example Thus the concept of exchange arises here. The capitalist countries on one hand have enough amount of capital but they have scarcity of labour which the socialist or the developing economies have. Thus there arises a concept of exchange that would ensure that the production takes place in both the economies in a successful manner. There have been paradoxical evidences however which shows that even in the capitalist countries there is excess supply of labour and the level of unemployment is quite high. This essay is an analysis of this paradox that arises in the context of capitalist economies and the level of scarcity. Discussion of the position In order to proceed with the main problem of the essay it is important to look into the different theories that are necessary to build up the argument. The economic system is a method of the allocation of limited resources of the necessary goods like grain and butter to the economic agents that make up the society. There are various types of e conomic systems like the socialist system, the capitalist system as well as the mixed economy system. In the socialist system the entire decision regarding the allocation of the resources lies with the government existing in the economy. The government acts as the owner of the means of production in such a case (Snooks, 1999, pp. 393-399). Thus the distribution of the grain and butter is mainly done by the government of the country to the people of the country. The production of even the basic grain and butter is done by the factories that are under the ownership of the government. Erstwhile China as well as Cuba and North Korea are examples of such economics where the principles of communism are being practised. The government in such countries is the sole decision maker regarding the level of production and the allocation of resources (Conklin, 1991, p. 427). Alternatively, in case of the capitalist economies the process of production is undertaken by the private players. In almos t all the capitalist economies there is a government but the function of the government is restricted to the regulatory aspects of the country and to ensure that the laws are obeyed. The main function is limited to the collection of the taxes and the protection of the citizens (Stephen, 1998, pp. 31-49). The market power lies mainly with the players that are dominant in the market. The UK, the US as well as the German economies constitute the capitalist nations (Slater and Tonkiss, 2001, pp. 31-40). The characteristics of these nations are that free market is allowed to operate and the prices in the economy are determined by the forces of the demand and supply. The prices of grain and butter would be determined by the market forces of demand and supply. Thus the optimal production would take place at the point where the quantity demanded would be equal to the quantity supplied. Therefore the intervention of the government is this context is almost zero. Source: Winch, 1984, p. 14 Th e optimal price of bread in this economy would be $2.50. However the buyers would be able to buy 2 breads at $3. But this would be subject to the budget constraint of the consumers who buy the product. Alternatively a developed country is one in which the major part of the GDP is contributed by the industry or the services sector rather than the agricultural sector. Thus the developed countries are those which have passed through the various stages of development